Utilizing geospatial AI to improve Indonesia’s urban green space

Green City Watch’s new approach to urban green space management won first place in the Maxar and Amazon Web Services’ GBDX for Sustainability Challenge out of 70+ submissions. The challenge gave finalist teams access to Maxar’s Geospatial Big Data platform (GBDX) and its 100+ petabyte optical imagery library to develop a machine learning solution for one of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

Despite the importance to our quality of life, urban green spaces are routinely consumed by lucrative development. A lack of comprehensive and updated data remains a bottleneck for mainstreaming ecological considerations in sustainable urban development. Data gaps are often attributed to the high costs and time-consuming nature of land-based surveying. Without actionable insights into the current state of urban ecosystems, governments and policymakers remain powerless to make the right decisions and improve livability in cities while protecting green and blue spaces.

Green City Watch monitors urban green space, from space

Green City Watch taps into Maxar’s high-resolution satellite imagery and the latest advancements in a new field called ‘geospatial artificial intelligence’ (geoAI) to map the quality of urban green space. Previously, satellite imagery and GIS had mainly been used to map the quantity of green space, or perform land use/land cover change analyses. But we are taking the analysis further.

Collaborating with the World Bank in Indonesia

Green City Watch’s method of mapping the quality of urban green space was showcased at a World Bank-hosted event, where we met the World Bank’s Geospatial Operations Support Team (GOST), which helps operational teams apply geospatial technology to development problems. Facilitated by GOST, we were honoured to collaborate with the World Bank’s City Planning Labs (CPL) team, whose mandate is to enhance evidence-driven urban planning in Indonesia.

To establish a proof of concept, we analyzed 26 of Indonesia’s most populated cities, including Jakarta, a ‘megacity’ and the largest city in Southeast Asia, with an estimated population of over 10 million people. Jakarta is set to surpass Tokyo as the world’s largest city with 35.6 million people by 2030.

Within three months, the initial proof of concept managed to successfully identify 531 parks within the 26 cities. Taken all together, this represents 1,817 hectares of green space in Indonesia. To put that into perspective, the city of Amsterdam (The Netherlands) has about 1,476 hectares of green space in total — almost as much as Indonesia’s major cities combined.

Although Indonesia has some ways to go in terms of expanding its urban green space, the quantity was not the only thing that the World Bank’s CPL team was concerned about. In addition to mapping the geographical extent and locations of the green space, our proof of concept also measured the park’s infiltration capacity (the maximum rate at which soils can absorb rainfall), ratio of permeable versus impermeable land (where water can percolate into the soil to filter out pollutants and recharge the water table versus where it’s blocked by concrete, buildings or other materials), the number of trees within the parks, the availability of amenities and recreational facilities. The latter leveraged crowdsourced data from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) initiative.

For example, in Jakarta, Green City Watch calculated these statistics using our algorithms on Maxar’s imagery in GBDX:

• Parks cover 825 hectares
• 43 parks over 2 hectares in size
• Over 300 hectares of trees, 90 hectares of grass and 20 hectares of water within parks
• 225 hectares of high-quality green space, according to the Green City Watch index
• Monas Park, one of the biggest city parks in Asia, has 8 public toilets, 6 sports pitches and 5 historic monuments

Most recently, the CPL team has won the World Bank’s “Disruptive Technologies for Development (DT4D)” Challenge Award for their proposal to work collaboratively with Green City Watch to develop a “Green and Blue Footprint Tool” that builds upon the initial green area mapping proof of concept in Indonesia and extends it to include water bodies, in addition to taking it to scale to create a global public good.

Maxar’s GBDX for urban green space monitoring

Green City Watch helps monitor these restored environments while reducing the observer bias that can typically plague ground-based measurements. Our method is highly reliant on Maxar’s 30 cm resolution satellite imagery. Accessing the 19-year imagery library through GBDX is mission-critical when monitoring the ecological and social impact of urban green space improvements and infrastructure interventions. But GBDX goes beyond imagery. For our analysis, we used the GBDX Catalog service to automatically filter out the best possible image, which enabled us to automate our workflow. We also used the GBDX vector services alongside overpass API to extract OpenStreetMap polygons and points of interest. This helped us identify amenities, which have been mapped out by local communities.

Since winning the GBDX for Sustainability Challenge in mid-2018, we have been developing our #UrbanGreenprints, or baseline assessment, about the quality of a city’s green spaces — while simultaneously producing an effective monitoring tool for cities to track the progress of these spaces, old and new.

Using Maxar’s high-resolution satellite imagery allows us to analyze any city’s parks and forests, anytime. The imagery coverage is global, and in most places, updated monthly — or even weekly. High-resolution imagery is warranted yet underutilized in green space management. Imagery-based approaches can be used to monitor and evaluate urban forest loss and conversion and better understand city dynamics spatially.

Green City Watch is on a mission to renature cities as quickly as possible, and in turn spreading the message that by planting trees, protecting public nature reserves and restoring the ecosystems that underpin cities, the welfare of its inhabitants — and (in a small way) the planet they live on — could be radically transformed for the better. Learn more at greencitywatch.com.

This article originally appeared on Maxar on May 13, 2019.

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